Researchers at Stanford Medicine have found that the human brain is composed of two separate organs that evolved independently over hundreds of millions of years. The discovery challenges the prevailing model of brain development, which suggested that the brain arises from a single progenitor cell. The two organs, the forebrain and hindbrain, have distinct developmental paths and give rise to different cell types. This finding could aid research into neurological diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.