The article discusses long-term projects and institutions that have been undertaken by humans over a very long period of time, such as the construction of cathedrals, scientific experiments, and open-source systems. These projects often require decades or centuries to complete and are goal-directed, unlike more decentralized or unplanned changes. The article highlights examples of such projects, including the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, the construction of the Sagrada Familia, and the Framingham Heart Study. The author also notes that some open-source systems, such as Linux and Wikipedia, may still be around in 100 years.