A study found that switching to renewable energy sources like wind, solar, geothermal, and hydropower by 2050 could reduce energy needs, costs, and air pollution, while also mitigating climate change. This approach is more cost-effective than investing in carbon capture technologies. The study compared the annual energy costs, emissions, public health impacts, and social costs associated with implementing either a complete switch to renewable energy or maintaining current reliance on fossil fuels with some renewables and carbon capture. The results showed that eliminating fossil fuel and biomass combustion could cut energy needs by over 54% and reduce energy costs by nearly 60%.