Air pollution has significant cognitive costs, including reduced productivity, increased errors, and lower GDP. Studies have shown that exposure to high levels of PM2.5 can lead to cognitive decline, including reduced performance in tasks such as chess and decision-making. The effects of air pollution on cognitive ability can be measured and quantified, with some studies suggesting that reducing PM2.5 exposure can lead to significant improvements in cognitive function. The article highlights the need to consider the cognitive costs of air pollution in policy decisions.